Understanding the Rise in Suicide Rates: A Comprehensive Analysis

Rob Anderson

Abstract

Suicide rates in the United States have steadily increased over the past two decades, affecting various populations, including rural residents and military veterans. This article explores the multifaceted causes of this rise, with an emphasis on the distinct challenges faced by these groups. Additionally, it examines how even non-combat veterans contribute to suicide statistics due to factors beyond battlefield trauma.

Introduction

Suicide is a critical public health issue in the U.S., with rates rising by approximately 36% between 2000 and 2022 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023). While military veterans and rural residents are often highlighted as at-risk groups, it is crucial to recognize that not all veterans who die by suicide have experienced direct combat. A growing body of research shows that structural, psychological, and transitional stressors significantly contribute to veteran suicide rates, irrespective of combat exposure.

Factors Contributing to Rising Suicide Rates

1. Mental Health Challenges

The prevalence of mental health disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety has risen, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Research suggests that suicide risks among those with untreated mental illnesses remain high (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2023).

2. Economic Hardships

Unemployment, financial instability, and underemployment have been strongly linked to suicide. Rural and middle-aged individuals facing economic stressors, including job loss and the inability to access stable income sources, are particularly vulnerable (National Bureau of Economic Research [NBER], 2023).

3. Substance Use Disorders

The opioid epidemic, along with rising alcohol and drug misuse, has significantly contributed to increased suicide rates. Substance use often coexists with mental health disorders, increasing the likelihood of suicidal behavior (Brown University Health, 2023).

4. Access to Lethal Means

The availability of firearms plays a critical role in the high suicide rates in the U.S. Over 50% of all suicides involve a firearm, with rural residents and veterans at an elevated risk due to easier access and cultural familiarity with firearms (Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2023).

5. Social Isolation

With the rise of digital communication and changes in societal structures, loneliness and social disconnection have become significant contributors to suicide (MarketWatch, 2024).

Veterans and Suicide Risk

Exposure to Trauma—Beyond Combat Experiences

While combat exposure is often linked to veteran suicide, research indicates that a significant number of veterans who die by suicide never saw direct combat. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) reports that 61% of veterans who die by suicide never deployed to a war zone (VA, 2022).

• Military Sexual Trauma (MST): Veterans who experienced MST, including sexual assault or harassment during service, are at a significantly higher risk of suicide than their counterparts (Monteith et al., 2020).

• Non-Combat PTSD: Many service members experience PTSD from non-combat-related events, such as vehicle accidents, training mishaps, and witnessing traumatic events. The structured, high-stakes environment of the military can also contribute to chronic stress and trauma.

• Adjustment Disorder and Identity Crisis: Many non-combat veterans struggle with the loss of structure, camaraderie, and purpose upon transitioning to civilian life. The shift from a highly disciplined military setting to an often unstructured civilian environment can create a profound identity crisis, leading to depression and suicidal ideation (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM], 2023).

Unique Challenges in Rural Areas

Rural communities face specific barriers that heighten suicide risks:

• Limited Access to Mental Health Care: Geographic isolation and a shortage of healthcare professionals make it difficult for rural residents to receive timely mental health services (Suicide Prevention Resource Center [SPRC], 2023).

• Cultural Barriers to Seeking Help: The culture of self-reliance in rural areas can discourage individuals from seeking mental health treatment. Many individuals, particularly men, view asking for help as a sign of weakness (CDC, 2023).

• Economic Pressures: Industries such as farming and manual labor are highly susceptible to economic fluctuations, increasing financial stress and contributing to mental health struggles (Rural Health Information Hub, 2023).

Conclusion

The increase in suicide rates in the U.S. is a complex issue influenced by mental health challenges, economic hardship, substance use, social isolation, and firearm access. Veterans and rural residents remain particularly vulnerable due to unique stressors. Furthermore, the misconception that only combat-experienced veterans are at risk of suicide must be challenged. A significant number of veterans who die by suicide never saw direct combat, yet they still experience trauma from various sources, including military sexual trauma, chronic stress, and the transition to civilian life. Addressing these issues through tailored interventions—such as expanding mental health services, reducing stigma, and improving firearm safety measures—can help curb the rising suicide epidemic.

References

Brown University Health. (2023). The rise of suicide and substance use disorders. Retrieved from https://www.brownhealth.org

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). Suicide in rural America. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ruralhealth/suicide.html

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2023). Suicide and firearm access in the U.S.. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org

MarketWatch. (2024). Does the U.S. need a secretary of loneliness?. Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com

Monteith, L. L., Bahraini, N. H., Matarazzo, B. B., Soberay, K. A., & Brenner, L. A. (2020). Military sexual trauma and suicide-related behavior among veterans: A review of the literature. Military Medicine, 185(3-4), 403-411. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz208

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2023). The mental health needs of transitioning service members. Retrieved from https://www.nationalacademies.org

National Bureau of Economic Research. (2023). Economic factors in rising suicide rates. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org

National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Suicide: Statistics and prevention. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov

Introduction

Stress is an unavoidable part of life, but chronic stress can lead to severe mental and physical health complications, including high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, weakened immune function, and cognitive impairments (American Psychological Association [APA], 2025; Mayo Clinic, 2025). Finding effective ways to manage stress is essential for maintaining overall well-being. Research-backed methods such as mindfulness, controlled breathing, physical activity, and social support all play a role in stress reduction (Condé Nast Traveller, 2025).

Holistic scuba diving, as practiced by Neptune Warrior, integrates these elements into a comprehensive wellness approach that promotes physical health, mental resilience, and emotional well-being. Unlike traditional dive instruction, which focuses solely on technical skills, holistic diving acknowledges the mind-body connection, utilizing breath control, mindfulness, movement, and environmental awareness to foster personal growth. This article explores the many benefits of holistic diving through the experiences of Neptune Warrior members.

Abstract

Emerging research underscores the significant role of nutrition in modulating the gut microbiome, which in turn influences mental health outcomes, including symptoms associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This article explores dietary interventions aimed at improving gut health to support individuals with PTSD. It provides practical dietary tips, highlights specific foods beneficial for gut microbiota, and offers a five-day meal plan featuring items available at major retailers like Walmart and Costco.

Introduction

The gut-brain axis represents a complex communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Recent studies have illuminated the bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota composition and mental health, suggesting that dietary modifications can influence psychological well-being (Carabotti et al., 2015). For individuals managing PTSD, targeted nutritional strategies may offer a complementary approach to traditional therapies by enhancing gut health and potentially mitigating symptom severity.

Dietary Interventions to Modulate Gut Microbiota

Optimizing gut health involves incorporating specific nutrients and foods that promote a balanced and diverse microbiome. Key dietary components include:

1. Prebiotics: Non-digestible fibers that serve as substrates for beneficial gut bacteria. Foods rich in prebiotics include carrots, onions, leeks, broccoli, oats, garlic, tomatoes, and lentils (Food for the Brain Foundation, n.d.).

2. Probiotics: Live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Fermented foods such as yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi are natural sources of probiotics (Health.com, 2025).

3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Known for their anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3s support brain health and can be found in fatty fish (e.g., salmon, mackerel), walnuts, and flaxseeds (Real Simple, 2025).

4. Polyphenols: Antioxidant compounds that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. Foods high in polyphenols include berries, dark chocolate, and green tea (EatingWell, 2025).

Recommended Foods Available at Walmart and Costco

Nutrition expert Bobby Parrish of FlavCity has identified several healthful food options at major retailers that support gut health:

• Greek Yogurt: High in protein and probiotics, beneficial for digestive health.

• Berries: Rich in antioxidants and fiber, supporting immune function and reducing inflammation.

• Salmon: A source of omega-3 fatty acids, promoting heart and brain health.

• Avocados: Contain monounsaturated fats and fiber, contributing to a healthy gut lining.

• Walnuts: Provide fiber and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) omega-3 fatty acids, supporting cognitive function.

Five-Day Meal Plan to Support Gut Health

The following five-day meal plan incorporates the aforementioned foods, emphasizing ease of preparation to minimize reliance on dining out:

Day 1:

• Breakfast: Greek yogurt parfait with mixed berries and a drizzle of honey.

• Lunch: Quinoa salad with diced avocados, cherry tomatoes, black beans, and a lime vinaigrette.

• Dinner: Baked salmon with roasted broccoli and garlic.

Day 2:

• Breakfast: Overnight oats made with rolled oats, almond milk, chia seeds, and topped with sliced bananas.

• Lunch: Lentil soup with carrots, onions, and leeks.

• Dinner: Grilled chicken breast with a side of sautéed spinach and garlic.

Day 3:

• Breakfast: Whole grain toast with mashed avocado and a poached egg.

• Lunch: Mixed greens salad with walnuts, feta cheese, and a balsamic vinaigrette.

• Dinner: Stir-fried tofu with broccoli, bell peppers, and a ginger-soy sauce.

Day 4:

• Breakfast: Smoothie made with Greek yogurt, mixed berries, spinach, and a tablespoon of flaxseeds.

• Lunch: Chickpea and vegetable curry served over brown rice.

• Dinner: Baked mackerel with roasted sweet potatoes and steamed asparagus.

Day 5:

• Breakfast: Oatmeal topped with sliced almonds, blueberries, and a sprinkle of cinnamon.

• Lunch: Whole grain wrap with hummus, shredded carrots, cucumber slices, and mixed greens.

• Dinner: Turkey meatballs with a side of sautéed zucchini and tomatoes.

Conclusion

Integrating specific dietary strategies can play a pivotal role in modulating the gut microbiome, thereby supporting mental health in individuals with PTSD. By focusing on nutrient-dense, whole foods and minimizing processed food intake, it is possible to foster a gut environment conducive to psychological well-being. The proposed meal plan offers a practical framework to facilitate these dietary changes, utilizing accessible ingredients from retailers like Walmart and Costco.

References

Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M. A., & Severi, C. (2015). The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems. Annals of Gastroenterology, 28(2), 203–209.

Food for the Brain Foundation. (n.d.). PTSD and nutrition. Retrieved from https://foodforthebrain.org/ptsd/

Health.com. (2025). 9 supplements for optimal gut health, according to a dietitian. Retrieved from https://www.health.com/supplements-for-gut-health-8780568

Real Simple. (2025). 8 superfoods dietitians always buy at Costco

Scuba divers are often in pursuit of the next great experience—whether it’s discovering a legendary wreck, achieving perfect buoyancy control, or traveling to an exotic dive destination. Many believe that happiness is just one more dive away, that their fulfillment will finally be complete once they achieve the next milestone in their underwater journey. However, psychological research suggests that this approach to happiness is flawed.

This tendency to overestimate the long-term impact of future experiences on our happiness is known as impact bias (Gilbert, Driver-Linn, & Wilson, 2002). We assume that specific accomplishments—whether in diving or life—will bring sustained joy, only to find that the excitement fades more quickly than expected. This phenomenon is closely tied to hedonic adaptation, the tendency to return to a stable level of happiness despite positive or negative life changes (Frederick & Loewenstein, 1999).

By understanding the psychology behind happiness and fulfillment, divers can shift their mindset from chasing happiness to embracing the present.

The Science of Happiness and Hedonic Adaptation

Psychologists have long studied why people misjudge their sources of happiness. Impact bias refers to our tendency to overestimate both the intensity and duration of our emotional reactions to future events (Wilson & Gilbert, 2005). Divers often believe that their next major dive adventure will be the one that truly satisfies them—whether it’s earning a new certification or visiting a dream destination.

However, studies on hedonic adaptation show that even life-changing experiences lead to only temporary increases in happiness before people return to their baseline levels (Lyubomirsky, 2011). In the diving world, this explains why divers who once dreamed of visiting the Great Barrier Reef may find themselves planning their next big trip soon after returning. The experience, while rewarding, does not provide an everlasting state of happiness.

The Pursuit of Happiness vs. the Experience of Happiness

Many people adopt a conditional approach to happiness, believing that certain milestones must be met before they can truly enjoy life. This is a key component of what psychologists call the arrival fallacy—the mistaken belief that achieving a goal will bring lasting happiness (Ben-Shahar, 2007).

For divers, this might look like believing they will only be content once they’ve:

• Dove in the Maldives or another bucket-list location

• Purchased the latest dive gear

• Mastered a specific skill like controlled descents or wreck penetration

• Logged a specific number of dives to be considered “experienced”

Yet, happiness isn’t found in the next destination—it’s found in the dive itself. Research on mindfulness suggests that true happiness comes from fully immersing oneself in the present moment (Kabat-Zinn, 1990). Divers have a unique advantage in cultivating mindfulness: underwater, distractions fade away. The rhythm of breathing, the sensation of weightlessness, and the mesmerizing movement of marine life all create an environment that fosters flow—a state of complete engagement in the moment (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).

Reframing the Dive Experience: A Mindfulness Approach

Instead of constantly seeking the next big adventure, divers can benefit from practicing appreciation of the present dive. Here are a few ways to incorporate psychological well-being into scuba diving:

1. Savor the Small Moments – Research shows that happiness is often found in the accumulation of small, meaningful experiences rather than major life events (Diener et al., 2009). The simple act of taking a deep breath underwater, watching a fish glide past, or sharing a laugh with a dive buddy contributes more to well-being than chasing an abstract goal.

2. Practice Gratitude – Studies have shown that actively reflecting on what we appreciate increases overall happiness and life satisfaction (Emmons & McCullough, 2003). Divers can keep a dive journal where they note three things they loved about each dive, shifting their focus from what’s next to what was meaningful today.

3. Focus on Intrinsic Rewards – Research distinguishes between extrinsic and intrinsic goals (Deci & Ryan, 2000). Extrinsic rewards—such as certification levels or dive travel prestige—can be fulfilling but do not sustain long-term happiness. Intrinsic rewards, such as the love of exploration, curiosity, and connection with nature, provide deeper and more lasting satisfaction.

4. Engage in Flow – The concept of flow, introduced by Csikszentmihalyi (1990), refers to a state of complete immersion in an activity. Many divers experience this when they become fully engaged in their environment, losing track of time and feeling at one with the water. By focusing on the dive itself—rather than future dives—divers can maximize their enjoyment and fulfillment.

Conclusion: Stop Chasing, Start Enjoying

As divers, we often assume that the next experience will be the one that finally brings us happiness. But science tells us that happiness is not something to be achieved—it is something to be experienced.

Instead of chasing the next dive trip, certification, or piece of gear, take a moment to appreciate the simple joys of diving. The feeling of your breath through the regulator. The weightlessness. The quiet. The camaraderie. These are the moments where happiness already exists.

Happiness isn’t waiting for you in the next dive—it’s here, right now, in the water, with you.

References

Ben-Shahar, T. (2007). Happier: Learn the secrets to daily joy and lasting fulfillment. McGraw-Hill.

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.

Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Scollon, C. N. (2009). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61(4), 305-314.

Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.

Frederick, S., & Loewenstein, G. (1999). Hedonic adaptation. In D. Kahneman, E. Diener, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology (pp. 302-329). Russell Sage Foundation.

Gilbert, D. T., Driver-Linn, E., & Wilson, T. D. (2002). The trouble with Vronsky: Impact bias in the forecasting of future affective states. In L. F. Barrett & P. Salovey (Eds.), The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence (pp. 114-143). Guilford Press.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and illness. Delacorte.

Lyubomirsky, S. (2011). The how of happiness: A new approach to getting the life you want. Penguin.

Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 131-134.

Chronic pain and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are complex conditions that significantly impact individuals' quality of life. Recent research has highlighted the role of epigenetic modifications in the development and persistence of these disorders. This article delves into the epigenetic underpinnings of chronic pain and PTSD and explores the emerging therapeutic potential of scuba diving. By examining the intersection of biological mechanisms and innovative interventions, we aim to shed light on holistic approaches to treatment.

Introduction

Chronic pain and PTSD are prevalent conditions that often coexist, exacerbating the suffering of affected individuals. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is crucial for developing effective treatments. Epigenetics, the study of heritable changes in gene expression without alterations in the DNA sequence, has emerged as a key area of interest in elucidating the pathophysiology of these disorders. Furthermore, alternative therapies, such as scuba diving, have shown promise in alleviating symptoms, offering a complementary approach to traditional treatments.

Epigenetic Mechanisms in Chronic Pain and PTSD

Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression. In the context of chronic pain, these modifications can influence neural plasticity and pain perception. For instance, histone acetylation has been implicated in the sensitization of nociceptive neurons, contributing to persistent pain states (Descalzi et al., 2015).

Similarly, PTSD has been associated with distinct epigenetic patterns. Studies have identified alterations in DNA methylation of genes involved in stress responses and neurotransmitter systems. These epigenetic changes may underlie the heightened stress sensitivity and impaired fear extinction observed in PTSD patients (Zannas & West, 2014).

Scuba Diving as a Therapeutic Intervention

Beyond conventional therapies, scuba diving has emerged as a potential intervention for individuals with chronic pain and PTSD. The unique environment of scuba diving—characterized by weightlessness, controlled breathing, and immersive focus—may offer psychological and physiological benefits.

A study by Morgan et al. (2019) evaluated the therapeutic benefits of scuba diving for military veterans with physical and psychological injuries. The findings indicated significant improvements in chronic pain relief and depression symptoms, suggesting that scuba diving can serve as a valuable complementary therapy.

Furthermore, the principles of flow theory, which describe a state of complete immersion and focus in an activity, align closely with the experiences reported by scuba divers. Achieving a flow state during diving may enhance mindfulness and reduce anxiety, contributing to the alleviation of PTSD symptoms (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).

Translating Scuba Diving Benefits to Daily Life

The skills and experiences gained through scuba diving can extend beyond the underwater environment, offering tools for daily life. Controlled breathing techniques practiced during dives can aid in stress management, while the focus and discipline required can enhance concentration and emotional regulation. For example, a veteran participating in a therapeutic diving program reported improved mood regulation and reduced irritability, attributing these changes to the mindfulness cultivated during diving sessions (Morgan et al., 2019).

Conclusion

Integrating insights from epigenetic research with innovative therapeutic practices like scuba diving offers a holistic approach to managing chronic pain and PTSD. By addressing both the biological underpinnings and psychological manifestations of these conditions, individuals can find new pathways to healing. As the adage from Neptune Warrior goes, "As long as you have air, you are alright."

References

Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.

Descalzi, G., Ikegami, D., Ushijima, T., & Nestler, E. J. (2015). Epigenetic mechanisms of chronic pain. Trends in Neurosciences, 38(4), 237–246.

Morgan, A., Sinclair, H., Tan, A., Thomas, E., & Castle, R. (2019). Can scuba diving offer therapeutic benefit to military veterans experiencing physical and psychological injuries as a result of combat? A service evaluation of Deptherapy UK. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(15), 1841–1852.

Zannas, A. S., & West, A. E. (2014). Epigenetics and the regulation of stress vulnerability and resilience. Neuroscience, 264, 157–170.

Dr. Wilder Penfield’s work is critical to what Neptune Warrior does because it laid the foundation for understanding how different regions of the brain process emotions, memories, and sensory experiences—key factors in conditions like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). His research helps explain why scuba diving, particularly in the controlled and immersive environment Neptune Warrior provides, can effectively "rewire" the brain and create new neural pathways that promote healing.

Key Connections Between Penfield’s Work and Neptune Warrior’s Approach

Sensory Stimulation and Brain Mapping

Penfield’s brain mapping demonstrated that different areas of the brain correspond to specific sensory and motor functions (Penfield & Jasper, 1954). In Neptune Warrior’s programs, divers experience controlled sensory input such as buoyancy, water pressure, breath control, and tactile sensations. These inputs activate specific brain regions, promoting neuroplasticity and emotional regulation (Doidge, 2007).

Memory and Trauma Processing

Penfield found that stimulating the temporal lobe could trigger vivid memories, suggesting that trauma is deeply embedded in brain circuits (Penfield, 1975). Underwater environments provide a low-stimulus, calming setting where divers can process trauma safely. By pairing new, positive experiences with stress triggers, divers can reshape their brain’s response to fear and anxiety (Doidge, 2015).

Motor and Sensory Rewiring

The motor homunculus showed how the brain is wired to control movement, while sensory maps revealed how the brain perceives touch and pressure (Penfield & Rasmussen, 1950). Scuba diving engages the proprioceptive and vestibular systems in ways that can retrain neural pathways. This is particularly valuable for divers dealing with PTSD or anxiety, as controlled breathing, weightlessness, and slow movement help regulate the nervous system (Rosenzweig, 2003).

The Mind’s Role in Healing

Late in his career, Penfield explored the distinction between the brain and the mind, proposing that consciousness may involve more than just neural processes (Penfield, 1975). Neptune Warrior’s Aquatic Awakening integrates mindfulness, meditation, and controlled breathing—practices that reinforce the idea that divers can take control of their thoughts and emotions, influencing brain function at a fundamental level.

Repetition and Neuroplasticity

Penfield’s discoveries support the concept of neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to rewire itself through repeated experiences (Penfield & Jasper, 1954). Diving exercises like Tenzi, tactile games, and controlled underwater movements create new neural pathways, helping divers shift from a state of hypervigilance to one of relaxation and control (Doidge, 2007).

Why This Matters for PTSD, Anxiety, and Depression

PTSD locks the brain in a hyperactive state of fear and reactivity. By engaging the brain in controlled, predictable sensory experiences, diving can help regulate the amygdala and prefrontal cortex, reducing fight-or-flight responses (LeDoux, 1996). Depression often involves reduced sensory engagement, and scuba diving floods the brain with novel, engaging stimuli, encouraging dopamine and serotonin release (Davidson & McEwen, 2012). Anxiety is rooted in overstimulation and uncertainty; by placing divers in a weightless, structured environment with a focus on breath control, diving forces the brain to focus on the present, interrupting anxious thought patterns (Doidge, 2015).

In essence, Penfield’s work helps explain why Neptune Warrior’s techniques work: they tap into the brain’s wiring at a fundamental level, using controlled sensory input, memory processing, and neural retraining to create lasting change.

References

Davidson, R. J., & McEwen, B. S. (2012). Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 689-695.

Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself: Stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking.

Doidge, N. (2015). The brain’s way of healing: Remarkable discoveries and recoveries from the frontiers of neuroplasticity. Viking.

LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Schuster.

Penfield, W. (1975). The mystery of the mind: A critical study of consciousness and the human brain. Princeton University Press.

Penfield, W., & Jasper, H. (1954). Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Little, Brown and Company.

Penfield, W., & Rasmussen, T. (1950). The cerebral cortex of man; a clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan.

Rosenzweig, M. R. (2003). Effects of differential experience on the brain and behavior. Developmental Neuropsychology, 24(2-3), 523-540.

Abstract

The Defense Health Agency's recent launch of the Military and Veterans PTSD Adaptive Platform Clinical Trial (M-PACT) underscores the ongoing reliance on pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among military personnel and veterans. While pharmaceuticals have their place, this approach often adopts a one-size-fits-all mentality, potentially overlooking individual needs and leading to adverse effects. This blog examines the limitations of pharmacological treatments and advocates for holistic alternatives that address the multifaceted nature of PTSD.

Introduction

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental health condition affecting numerous veterans and active-duty military personnel. Traditional treatment modalities have predominantly focused on pharmacotherapy, aiming to alleviate symptoms through medication. However, this strategy may not fully address the underlying causes of PTSD and can result in undesirable side effects. The recent initiation of the M-PACT trial by the Defense Health Agency highlights the continued emphasis on pharmaceutical interventions (Clinical Trials Arena, 2025). This blog explores the limitations of such an approach and discusses holistic alternatives that offer a more comprehensive path to healing.

Limitations of Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacological treatments for PTSD have been the cornerstone of mental health interventions within military populations. Despite their widespread use, concerns have been raised regarding their efficacy and safety. A systematic review by Hoskins et al. (2015) revealed that while medications can reduce PTSD symptoms, they often come with a higher risk of adverse effects compared to placebos. Moreover, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has not approved any new medications for PTSD since 2001, indicating a stagnation in pharmaceutical advancements (VA Research Currents, 2017).

The reliance on medications can also lead to polypharmacy, where veterans are prescribed multiple drugs to manage various symptoms. This practice increases the risk of drug interactions, dependency, and a diminished quality of life. The PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group has emphasized the urgent need to address the lack of progress in developing effective pharmacotherapies for PTSD, suggesting that current treatments may not adequately meet the needs of patients (Krystal et al., 2017).

Holistic Alternatives

In response to the limitations of pharmacotherapy, there is a growing interest in holistic approaches that consider the whole person—mind, body, and spirit. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs acknowledges the benefits of complementary and integrative health (CIH) practices for PTSD, including acupuncture, biofeedback, clinical hypnosis, guided imagery, massage therapy, meditation, Tai Chi/Qigong, and yoga (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, n.d.).

Mindfulness-based interventions, such as meditation and yoga, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing PTSD symptoms. A systematic review by Cramer et al. (2018) found that yoga can lead to moderate improvements in PTSD symptoms, offering a viable complementary therapy. Similarly, mindfulness practices have been associated with better regulation of the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, contributing to decreased depressive and anxious symptoms (Pascoe et al., 2017).

Physical activities like scuba diving, when combined with coaching and community support, present innovative therapeutic options. Engaging in such activities can promote mindfulness, reduce stress, and foster a sense of belonging among veterans. Programs that integrate physical activity with peer support have shown promise in enhancing emotional regulation and building resilience (National Veterans Healing & Wellness, 2024).

Conclusion

While pharmacotherapy remains a component of PTSD treatment, it is imperative to recognize its limitations and the potential drawbacks of a one-size-fits-all approach. Holistic alternatives offer comprehensive strategies that address the multifaceted nature of PTSD, focusing on healing the whole person. By integrating practices such as mindfulness, physical activity, and community support, we can provide veterans with effective, individualized care that transcends the constraints of traditional pharmaceutical interventions.

References

Clinical Trials Arena. (2025, February 9). US DHA launches platform trial to tackle PTSD in soldiers and veterans. Clinical Trials Arena. Retrieved from https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/us-dha-launches-platform-trial-to-tackle-ptsd-in-soldiers-and-veterans/

Cramer, H., Anheyer, D., Saha, F. J., & Dobos, G. (2018). Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder—a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1650-x

Krystal, J. H., Davis, L. L., Neylan, T. C., Raskind, M. A., Schnurr, P. P., Stein, M. B., ... & Shiner, B. (2017). It is time to address the crisis in the pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: A consensus statement of the PTSD Psychopharmacology Working Group. Biological Psychiatry, 82(7), e51-e59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.007

National Veterans Healing & Wellness. (2024). Holistic approaches to PTSD: Beyond traditional therapy. Retrieved from https://nvhs.org/holistic-approaches-to-ptsd-beyond-traditional-therapy/

Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., Jenkins, Z. M., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 95, 156-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Complementary and integrative health (CIH) for PTSD. Retrieved from https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treat/txessentials/complementary_alternative_for_ptsd.asp

VA Research Currents. (2017, May 17). Addressing the crisis in drug treatment of PTSD. Retrieved from https://www.research.va.gov/currents/0517-ptsd.cfm

I used to believe there would always be more time—more time to get things right, more time to chase the things that mattered, more time to leave an impact. But life has a way of forcing perspective. Whether through loss, change, or watching years slip by, the reality becomes clear: time is not something we control. It moves, with or without us.

That realization hit me hard a few years ago when I found myself in a space of uncertainty, questioning my direction. I had spent years pursuing meaningful work—helping veterans heal through scuba diving, coaching, and mentorship. Yet, despite the purpose I found in these roles, I sometimes felt like I was watching life happen rather than fully experiencing it. I needed something to remind me that each moment matters, that what we do, however brief, leaves a mark.

I found myself revisiting Vapor Trails, the 2002 Rush album that came in the aftermath of drummer Neil Peart’s devastating personal losses. The album, filled with raw emotion, became a personal soundtrack to the idea that life is fleeting but not without meaning. The opening track, One Little Victory, bursts forward with relentless energy, embodying the struggle of pushing forward despite everything. But it was the song Vapor Trail that captured it best:

"In a vapor trail
Atmospheric phases make the transitory visible
Eventually, everything fades..."

The lyrics struck me—life is a vapor trail, a temporary mark left behind before it disappears. The question isn’t whether life is short. It’s what we do with the time we have.

The Science of Time Perception and Meaning

Psychologists have long studied how our perception of time influences decision-making and personal fulfillment. One key concept, known as temporal discounting, suggests that people tend to prioritize short-term rewards over long-term benefits (Frederick, Loewenstein, & O’Donoghue, 2002). This can lead to procrastination, delaying the pursuit of meaningful goals under the assumption that more time will always be available.

However, research by Carstensen et al. (1999) on socioemotional selectivity theory suggests that when people recognize their time as limited—whether due to age, health, or personal experiences—they shift their focus toward emotionally meaningful and purposeful activities. This shift often leads to deeper relationships, greater appreciation for the present, and a stronger sense of fulfillment.

Neuroscience also supports the idea that engaging in purposeful activities can shape the brain. Doidge (2007) explains that neuroplasticity allows the brain to rewire itself through new experiences, reinforcing habits and perspectives that contribute to a meaningful life. This means that how we choose to spend our time directly influences not only our mental state but also our long-term well-being.

Philosophical and Biblical Perspectives on Life’s Transience

The fleeting nature of life is a theme explored throughout both philosophy and theology. Marcus Aurelius, in Meditations, wrote:

"You could leave life right now. Let that determine what you do and say and think” (Aurelius, trans. 2002).

This Stoic perspective emphasizes that time is uncertain, and therefore, we must act with wisdom and intention. Similarly, Søren Kierkegaard (1843/1985) explored the theme of existential urgency in Either/Or, contrasting an aesthetic life—focused on pleasure and distraction—with an ethical life driven by purpose and responsibility. He argued that ignoring life’s brevity leads to despair, while embracing it fosters authenticity and intentionality.

These philosophical insights align with biblical wisdom. James 4:14 states:

"You do not know what tomorrow will bring. What is your life? For you are a mist that appears for a little time and then vanishes" (English Standard Version).

This verse, like Vapor Trails, highlights the fleeting nature of existence. But rather than leading to despair, it serves as a wake-up call. Psalm 90:12 echoes this idea:

"Teach us to number our days, that we may gain a heart of wisdom" (New International Version).

Recognizing life’s impermanence is not about fear—it’s about wisdom. It’s about ensuring that every decision, every interaction, every moment is meaningful.

Applying This to Everyday Life

Understanding that life is a vapor should not lead to paralysis but rather inspire action. Instead of assuming we have infinite time, we can:

1. Prioritize What Matters – Focus on the relationships, work, and passions that align with personal values.

2. Let Go of the Illusion of Control – While planning is necessary, being adaptable and present leads to greater fulfillment.

3. Engage in Activities That Leave a Mark – Whether through mentorship, creativity, or acts of kindness, small actions create ripples that last.

4. Reframe Challenges as Opportunities – Life’s struggles, much like the creation of Vapor Trails, can lead to powerful transformation if approached with the right mindset.

Final Thoughts

Neil Peart once wrote, “Time is a gypsy caravan—steals away the night to leave you stranded in dreamland.” The hours, the days, the years—they all slip away, leaving only the impact of what we’ve done behind.

But a vapor trail, however brief, is visible. It proves something was there.

The Bible, neuroscience, and philosophy all point to the same truth: our time here is short, but what we do with it matters. So the real question isn’t how much time we have. It’s what we’re doing with the time we’ve been given.

What kind of mark will you leave?

---

References

Aurelius, M. (2002). Meditations (G. Hays, Trans.). Modern Library.

Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165-181.

Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself: Stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking Press.

Frederick, S., Loewenstein, G., & O’Donoghue, T. (2002). Time discounting and time preference: A critical review. Journal of Economic Literature, 40(2), 351-401.

Kierkegaard, S. (1985). Either/Or: A fragment of life. Penguin Classics. (Original work published 1843).

The Holy Bible, English Standard Version.

University of Utah Health. (2025). Coping with anxiety: Strategies to regain control. University of Utah Health News. Retrieved from https://healthcare.utah.edu/healthfeed/2025/02/coping-anxiety-strategies-regain-controlNeuroplasticity and Skill Acquisition

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself by forming new neural pathways in response to learning and experience (Doidge, 2007). Activities that require continuous micro-adjustments—such as riding a bicycle, playing a musical instrument, or scuba diving—engage the cerebellum and motor cortex, reinforcing these neural circuits. The process is similar to how stroke patients regain movement through targeted therapy, where the brain compensates for lost function by rewiring itself.

Scuba diving uniquely enhances neuroplasticity because it challenges divers to adapt to an unfamiliar environment. Unlike land-based activities, divers must regulate their buoyancy, maintain spatial awareness, and control their breath to navigate effectively. Each time a diver makes a micro-adjustment—whether by exhaling to descend slightly, using a precise fin kick to stabilize, or responding to changes in water conditions—the brain strengthens its neural pathways, improving motor control and cognitive function.

Proprioception and Balance Underwater

Proprioception, the body’s ability to sense movement and position, is crucial for balance and coordination. Divers rely heavily on proprioception to maintain neutral buoyancy, prevent uncontrolled ascents or descents, and maneuver efficiently. According to research on motor learning, engaging in activities that require fine motor control and balance enhances proprioceptive feedback, leading to improved reaction time and coordination (Shumway-Cook & Woollacott, 2017).

The aquatic environment amplifies this effect because water removes the typical gravitational constraints on movement. This forces the brain to adjust to a new set of sensory inputs, leading to increased adaptation and refinement of motor skills. As divers become more proficient, they rely less on conscious thought and more on instinctive control—another sign of neuroplastic changes taking place.

Cognitive and Emotional Benefits of Scuba Diving

Beyond physical coordination, scuba diving also has cognitive and emotional benefits. Controlled breathing, a fundamental aspect of diving, activates the parasympathetic nervous system, reducing stress and anxiety (Khazan, 2019). Additionally, studies on mindfulness practices suggest that activities requiring focused attention and controlled movement—such as yoga, meditation, and scuba diving—can enhance emotional regulation and cognitive resilience (Tang et al., 2015).

Furthermore, the problem-solving nature of diving—such as navigating in low visibility, managing air supply, and adapting to different dive conditions—engages the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions like decision-making and attention control (Diamond, 2013). The combination of physical, cognitive, and emotional engagement makes scuba diving an ideal activity for promoting neuroplasticity and overall brain health.

Conclusion

Scuba diving is more than an underwater adventure—it is an exercise in neuroplasticity. Every dive challenges the brain to refine motor skills, enhance proprioception, and improve cognitive function. By continuously adapting to an ever-changing environment, divers strengthen neural pathways that contribute to better balance, coordination, and emotional regulation. Whether one is a beginner or an experienced diver, each underwater experience serves as proof that the brain is constantly adapting, growing, and improving.

References

Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135-168.

Doidge, N. (2007). The brain that changes itself: Stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Viking.

Khazan, I. Z. (2019). The clinical handbook of biofeedback: A step-by-step guide for training and practice with mindfulness. Wiley.

Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2017). Motor control: Translating research into clinical practice (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.